[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"verticals":3,"article-turkish-a1-vowel-harmony":32,"related-turkish-a1-vowel-harmony":238},[4,20],{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"tagline":8,"description":9,"accentFrom":10,"accentTo":11,"icon":12,"defaultLocale":13,"locales":14,"features":16,"position":19},"019fe637-3d33-714b-b57f-23e163ffca0c","dev","Web Development","Build. Learn. Ship.","Practical courses, engineering-grade articles and open-source tools for people who ship.","violet-500","cyan-400","◇","en",[13,15],"fa",{"courses":17,"paths":17,"articles":17,"exams":18,"flashcards":18,"packages":17,"community":17,"certificates":17,"teams":17,"commerce":17},true,false,0,{"id":21,"slug":22,"name":23,"tagline":24,"description":25,"accentFrom":26,"accentTo":10,"icon":27,"defaultLocale":13,"locales":28,"features":30,"position":31},"019fe637-3dc2-754c-8657-0f175bfee7c6","lang","Languages","Learn a language the way you learn a codebase.","Structured paths, listening drills and spaced repetition that actually sticks.","amber-400","⌘",[13,15,29],"es",{"courses":18,"paths":18,"articles":17,"exams":18,"flashcards":17,"packages":18,"community":17,"certificates":17,"teams":18,"commerce":18},2,{"id":33,"slug":34,"title":35,"subtitle":36,"excerpt":37,"coverUrl":36,"locale":13,"readingMinutes":31,"publishedAt":38,"viewCount":39,"likeCount":19,"commentCount":19,"author":40,"vertical":45,"topic":46,"tags":49,"_count":63,"playground":65,"body":66,"bodyMd":221,"seo":222,"translationGroupId":225,"thread":226,"assessments":228,"translations":234,"quiz":236},"019ff280-9ef6-70b1-86a9-3d4271f797fe","turkish-a1-vowel-harmony","Turkish A1: vowel harmony — the rule that makes every ending predictable",null,"Turkish glues endings onto words, and the vowel in the ending changes to match the word. Learn the two harmony rules and you stop memorising endings and start deriving them.","2026-08-09T07:00:00.000Z",58,{"id":41,"name":42,"username":43,"avatarUrl":36,"headline":44},"019fe637-3c25-7088-9034-39c9f15dc3c8","Parsa Jiravand","parsa","Frontend engineer · building bestpractic",{"slug":22,"name":23,"accentFrom":26,"accentTo":10},{"slug":47,"name":48},"turkish","Turkish",[50,51,54,57,60],{"slug":47,"name":48,"color":36},{"slug":52,"name":53,"color":36},"a1","A1",{"slug":55,"name":56,"color":36},"tr-a1","Tr-a1",{"slug":58,"name":59,"color":36},"grammar","Grammar",{"slug":61,"name":62,"color":36},"pronunciation","Pronunciation",{"assessments":64},1,{"slug":34,"title":35},{"blocks":67,"version":64},[68,72,76,79,91,94,97,101,104,130,133,137,140,157,160,168,171,174,177,180,209,212,215,218],{"id":69,"html":70,"type":71},"b1","\u003Cp>Turkish builds words by gluing endings on. \u003Cem>Ev\u003C\u002Fem> is house. \u003Cem>Evler\u003C\u002Fem> is houses. \u003Cem>Evlerde\u003C\u002Fem> is in the houses. Every ending you will ever learn arrives with a vowel that \u003Cstrong>changes to match the word it attaches to\u003C\u002Fstrong> — and that change is not random. It is one rule, applied everywhere, and it is the single highest-value thing to learn first.\u003C\u002Fp>","paragraph",{"id":73,"html":74,"text":74,"type":75,"level":31},"b2","The eight vowels, in two groups","heading",{"id":77,"html":78,"type":71},"b3","\u003Cp>Turkish vowels split by where your tongue sits.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":80,"head":81,"rows":83,"type":90},"b4",[82,82],"",[84,87],[85,86],"\u003Cstrong>Back\u003C\u002Fstrong> (tongue back)","a · ı · o · u",[88,89],"\u003Cstrong>Front\u003C\u002Fstrong> (tongue forward)","e · i · ö · ü","table",{"id":92,"html":93,"type":71},"b5","\u003Cp>Say \u003Cem>a\u003C\u002Fem> and then \u003Cem>e\u003C\u002Fem>. Your tongue moves forward. That is the whole distinction.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":95,"html":96,"type":71},"b6","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The rule: an ending copies the group of the last vowel in the word.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Back word, back vowel in the ending. Front word, front vowel.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":98,"html":99,"text":100,"type":75,"level":31},"b7","Two-way harmony: the \u003Ccode>-ler \u002F -lar\u003C\u002Fcode> ending","Two-way harmony: the -ler \u002F -lar ending",{"id":102,"html":103,"type":71},"b8","\u003Cp>The plural is \u003Ccode>-ler\u003C\u002Fcode> or \u003Ccode>-lar\u003C\u002Fcode>. Which one is never a choice.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":105,"head":106,"rows":111,"type":90},"b9",[107,108,109,110],"Word","Last vowel","Group","Plural",[112,117,122,126],[113,114,115,116],"ev (house)","e","front","\u003Cstrong>evler\u003C\u002Fstrong>",[118,119,120,121],"kitap (book)","a","back","\u003Cstrong>kitaplar\u003C\u002Fstrong>",[123,124,115,125],"göz (eye)","ö","\u003Cstrong>gözler\u003C\u002Fstrong>",[127,128,120,129],"okul (school)","u","\u003Cstrong>okullar\u003C\u002Fstrong>",{"id":131,"html":132,"type":71},"b10","\u003Cp>Say them aloud. \u003Cem>Kitapler\u003C\u002Fem> is physically awkward — your mouth has to travel. Turkish is arranged so it never has to.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":134,"html":135,"text":136,"type":75,"level":31},"b11","Four-way harmony: the \u003Ccode>-i\u003C\u002Fcode> endings","Four-way harmony: the -i endings",{"id":138,"html":139,"type":71},"b12","\u003Cp>Some endings have four forms, not two, because they also copy \u003Cstrong>rounding\u003C\u002Fstrong> — whether your lips are round.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":141,"head":142,"rows":144,"type":90},"b13",[108,143],"Ending vowel",[145,148,151,154],[146,147],"a, ı","\u003Cstrong>ı\u003C\u002Fstrong>",[149,150],"e, i","\u003Cstrong>i\u003C\u002Fstrong>",[152,153],"o, u","\u003Cstrong>u\u003C\u002Fstrong>",[155,156],"ö, ü","\u003Cstrong>ü\u003C\u002Fstrong>",{"id":158,"html":159,"type":71},"b14","\u003Cp>The "my" ending is \u003Ccode>-im \u002F -ım \u002F -um \u002F -üm\u003C\u002Fcode>:\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":161,"type":162,"items":163,"ordered":18},"b15","list",[164,165,166,167],"ev → \u003Cstrong>evim\u003C\u002Fstrong> (my house)","kitap → \u003Cstrong>kitabım\u003C\u002Fstrong> (my book)","okul → \u003Cstrong>okulum\u003C\u002Fstrong> (my school)","göz → \u003Cstrong>gözüm\u003C\u002Fstrong> (my eye)",{"id":169,"html":170,"type":71},"b16","\u003Cp>Notice \u003Cem>kitap\u003C\u002Fem> became \u003Cem>kitab-\u003C\u002Fem>. That is a separate rule (a final \u003Ccode>p\u003C\u002Fcode> softens to \u003Ccode>b\u003C\u002Fcode> between vowels) and you will meet it constantly with \u003Ccode>p, ç, t, k\u003C\u002Fcode>.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":172,"html":173,"text":173,"type":75,"level":31},"b17","Why this is worth an hour",{"id":175,"html":176,"type":71},"b18","\u003Cp>Every ending in Turkish — plural, possessive, case, tense, question — harmonises. Learn "the plural is -ler\u002F-lar" and you have learned one ending. Learn harmony and you have learned how \u003Cem>all\u003C\u002Fem> of them behave, including ones you have not met.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":178,"html":179,"text":179,"type":75,"level":31},"b19","The words to take away",{"id":181,"head":182,"rows":184,"type":90},"b20",[48,183],"English",[185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206],[186,187],"ev","house",[189,190],"kitap","book",[192,193],"okul","school",[195,196],"göz","eye",[198,199],"araba","car",[201,202],"şehir","city",[204,205],"kapı","door",[207,208],"çocuk","child",{"id":210,"html":211,"type":71},"b21","\u003Cp>Try the plural and "my" form of each before you check. That is what the practice game drills.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":213,"html":214,"text":214,"type":75,"level":31},"b22","What trips people up",{"id":216,"html":217,"type":71},"b23","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Compound and loan words.\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cem>Otobüs\u003C\u002Fem> (bus) ends in \u003Cem>ü\u003C\u002Fem>, so \u003Cem>otobüsler\u003C\u002Fem>. Loanwords mostly behave, but a few do not — \u003Cem>saat\u003C\u002Fem> (hour) takes front endings: \u003Cem>saatler\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":219,"html":220,"type":71},"b24","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The last vowel, not the first.\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cem>Televizyon\u003C\u002Fem> has \u003Cem>e, i, o\u003C\u002Fem> — only the \u003Cem>o\u003C\u002Fem> matters: \u003Cstrong>televizyonlar\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>","\nTurkish builds words by gluing endings on. *Ev* is house. *Evler* is houses. *Evlerde* is in the houses. Every ending you will ever learn arrives with a vowel that **changes to match the word it attaches to** — and that change is not random. It is one rule, applied everywhere, and it is the single highest-value thing to learn first.\n\n## The eight vowels, in two groups\n\nTurkish vowels split by where your tongue sits.\n\n| | |\n| --- | --- |\n| **Back** (tongue back) | a · ı · o · u |\n| **Front** (tongue forward) | e · i · ö · ü |\n\nSay *a* and then *e*. Your tongue moves forward. That is the whole distinction.\n\n**The rule: an ending copies the group of the last vowel in the word.** Back word, back vowel in the ending. Front word, front vowel.\n\n## Two-way harmony: the `-ler \u002F -lar` ending\n\nThe plural is `-ler` or `-lar`. Which one is never a choice.\n\n| Word | Last vowel | Group | Plural |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ev (house) | e | front | **evler** |\n| kitap (book) | a | back | **kitaplar** |\n| göz (eye) | ö | front | **gözler** |\n| okul (school) | u | back | **okullar** |\n\nSay them aloud. *Kitapler* is physically awkward — your mouth has to travel. Turkish is arranged so it never has to.\n\n## Four-way harmony: the `-i` endings\n\nSome endings have four forms, not two, because they also copy **rounding** — whether your lips are round.\n\n| Last vowel | Ending vowel |\n| --- | --- |\n| a, ı | **ı** |\n| e, i | **i** |\n| o, u | **u** |\n| ö, ü | **ü** |\n\nThe \"my\" ending is `-im \u002F -ım \u002F -um \u002F -üm`:\n\n- ev → **evim** (my house)\n- kitap → **kitabım** (my book)\n- okul → **okulum** (my school)\n- göz → **gözüm** (my eye)\n\nNotice *kitap* became *kitab-*. That is a separate rule (a final `p` softens to `b` between vowels) and you will meet it constantly with `p, ç, t, k`.\n\n## Why this is worth an hour\n\nEvery ending in Turkish — plural, possessive, case, tense, question — harmonises. Learn \"the plural is -ler\u002F-lar\" and you have learned one ending. Learn harmony and you have learned how *all* of them behave, including ones you have not met.\n\n## The words to take away\n\n| Turkish | English |\n| --- | --- |\n| ev | house |\n| kitap | book |\n| okul | school |\n| göz | eye |\n| araba | car |\n| şehir | city |\n| kapı | door |\n| çocuk | child |\n\nTry the plural and \"my\" form of each before you check. That is what the practice game drills.\n\n## What trips people up\n\n**Compound and loan words.** *Otobüs* (bus) ends in *ü*, so *otobüsler*. Loanwords mostly behave, but a few do not — *saat* (hour) takes front endings: *saatler*.\n\n**The last vowel, not the first.** *Televizyon* has *e, i, o* — only the *o* matters: **televizyonlar**.\n",{"title":223,"canonical":224,"description":37},"Turkish A1: vowel harmony — the rule that makes every ending predictab","https:\u002F\u002Fbestpractic.org\u002Fblog\u002Fturkish-a1-vowel-harmony","019ff280-9ef6-70b1-86a9-43dbf1c7f2bc",{"id":227,"locked":18},"019ff280-9f20-7639-9d8b-88985fe77203",[229],{"id":230,"slug":34,"title":231,"_count":232},"019ff280-9f4b-7286-9266-2bf55a7f6735","Turkish A1 — vowel harmony",{"questions":233},7,[235],{"locale":13,"slug":34},{"id":230,"slug":34,"title":231,"_count":237,"questionCount":233},{"questions":233},{"items":239,"meta":278},[240,265],{"id":241,"slug":242,"title":243,"subtitle":36,"excerpt":244,"coverUrl":36,"locale":13,"readingMinutes":245,"publishedAt":246,"viewCount":247,"likeCount":19,"commentCount":19,"author":248,"vertical":249,"topic":250,"tags":251,"_count":263,"playground":264,"hasQuiz":17,"hasPlayground":17},"019ff280-9fc1-779b-b125-9db7d5d16a31","turkish-a2-di-vs-mis-past","Turkish A2: -dı vs -mış — the past you saw and the past you heard about","Turkish has two past tenses, and the choice is not about time. One says you witnessed it; the other says you did not. Getting this wrong makes you sound like you are inventing things.",3,"2026-08-12T07:00:00.000Z",35,{"id":41,"name":42,"username":43,"avatarUrl":36,"headline":44},{"slug":22,"name":23,"accentFrom":26,"accentTo":10},{"slug":47,"name":48},[252,253,256,259,260],{"slug":47,"name":48,"color":36},{"slug":254,"name":255,"color":36},"a2","A2",{"slug":257,"name":258,"color":36},"tr-a2","Tr-a2",{"slug":58,"name":59,"color":36},{"slug":261,"name":262,"color":36},"tenses","Tenses",{"assessments":64},{"slug":242},{"id":33,"slug":34,"title":35,"subtitle":36,"excerpt":37,"coverUrl":36,"locale":13,"readingMinutes":31,"publishedAt":38,"viewCount":266,"likeCount":19,"commentCount":19,"author":267,"vertical":268,"topic":269,"tags":270,"_count":276,"playground":277,"hasQuiz":17,"hasPlayground":17},59,{"id":41,"name":42,"username":43,"avatarUrl":36,"headline":44},{"slug":22,"name":23,"accentFrom":26,"accentTo":10},{"slug":47,"name":48},[271,272,273,274,275],{"slug":47,"name":48,"color":36},{"slug":52,"name":53,"color":36},{"slug":55,"name":56,"color":36},{"slug":58,"name":59,"color":36},{"slug":61,"name":62,"color":36},{"assessments":64},{"slug":34},{"page":64,"perPage":233,"total":31,"totalPages":64}]