[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"verticals":3,"quiz-turkish-a2-di-vs-mis-past":32,"quiz-article-turkish-a2-di-vs-mis-past":48},[4,20],{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"tagline":8,"description":9,"accentFrom":10,"accentTo":11,"icon":12,"defaultLocale":13,"locales":14,"features":16,"position":19},"019fe637-3d33-714b-b57f-23e163ffca0c","dev","Web Development","Build. Learn. Ship.","Practical courses, engineering-grade articles and open-source tools for people who ship.","violet-500","cyan-400","◇","en",[13,15],"fa",{"courses":17,"paths":17,"articles":17,"exams":18,"flashcards":18,"packages":17,"community":17,"certificates":17,"teams":17,"commerce":17},true,false,0,{"id":21,"slug":22,"name":23,"tagline":24,"description":25,"accentFrom":26,"accentTo":10,"icon":27,"defaultLocale":13,"locales":28,"features":30,"position":31},"019fe637-3dc2-754c-8657-0f175bfee7c6","lang","Languages","Learn a language the way you learn a codebase.","Structured paths, listening drills and spaced repetition that actually sticks.","amber-400","⌘",[13,15,29],"es",{"courses":18,"paths":18,"articles":17,"exams":18,"flashcards":17,"packages":18,"community":17,"certificates":17,"teams":18,"commerce":18},2,{"id":33,"slug":34,"kind":35,"title":36,"description":37,"config":38,"verticalId":21,"vertical":43,"course":40,"_count":44,"access":45,"attempts":47,"questionCount":39},"019ff280-a00c-72ab-83f2-c82bd4cddca3","turkish-a2-di-vs-mis-past","PRACTICE_QUIZ","Turkish A2 — -dı vs -mış","Turkish marks how you know something on the verb itself. These questions cover the witnessed past, the reported and inferred past, the narrative use, and what goes wrong when you pick the one that does not match your evidence.",{"questionCount":39,"timeLimitSec":40,"shuffleQuestions":18,"shuffleOptions":17,"negativeMarking":19,"passScorePct":41,"maxAttempts":40,"revealAnswers":42,"allowFlagging":18,"allowBacktracking":17},7,null,70,"AFTER_SUBMIT",{"slug":22,"name":23},{"questions":39},{"allowed":17,"reason":46},"FREE",[],{"id":49,"slug":34,"title":50,"subtitle":40,"excerpt":51,"coverUrl":40,"locale":13,"readingMinutes":52,"publishedAt":53,"viewCount":54,"likeCount":19,"commentCount":19,"author":55,"vertical":60,"topic":61,"tags":64,"_count":78,"playground":80,"body":81,"bodyMd":247,"seo":248,"translationGroupId":252,"thread":253,"assessments":255,"translations":258,"quiz":260},"019ff280-9fc1-779b-b125-9db7d5d16a31","Turkish A2: -dı vs -mış — the past you saw and the past you heard about","Turkish has two past tenses, and the choice is not about time. One says you witnessed it; the other says you did not. Getting this wrong makes you sound like you are inventing things.",3,"2026-08-12T07:00:00.000Z",37,{"id":56,"name":57,"username":58,"avatarUrl":40,"headline":59},"019fe637-3c25-7088-9034-39c9f15dc3c8","Parsa Jiravand","parsa","Frontend engineer · building bestpractic",{"slug":22,"name":23,"accentFrom":26,"accentTo":10},{"slug":62,"name":63},"turkish","Turkish",[65,66,69,72,75],{"slug":62,"name":63,"color":40},{"slug":67,"name":68,"color":40},"a2","A2",{"slug":70,"name":71,"color":40},"tr-a2","Tr-a2",{"slug":73,"name":74,"color":40},"grammar","Grammar",{"slug":76,"name":77,"color":40},"tenses","Tenses",{"assessments":79},1,{"slug":34,"title":50},{"blocks":82,"version":79},[83,87,91,94,99,102,105,133,136,139,143,146,166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,235,238,241,244],{"id":84,"html":85,"type":86},"b1","\u003Cp>English has one simple past. Turkish has two, and they do not differ in \u003Cem>when\u003C\u002Fem>. They differ in \u003Cstrong>how you know\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>","paragraph",{"id":88,"html":89,"type":90},"b2","\u003Cp>Ali \u003Cstrong>geldi\u003C\u002Fstrong>. → Ali came. (I saw it.)\nAli \u003Cstrong>gelmiş\u003C\u002Fstrong>. → Ali came, apparently. (Someone told me; I inferred it.)\u003C\u002Fp>\n","quote",{"id":92,"html":93,"type":86},"b3","\u003Cp>This is called evidentiality, and Turkish marks it on the verb whether you want to or not. There is no neutral option.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":95,"html":96,"text":97,"type":98,"level":31},"b4","\u003Ccode>-dı\u003C\u002Fcode> — you were there","-dı — you were there","heading",{"id":100,"html":101,"type":86},"b5","\u003Cp>The witnessed past. You saw it, you did it, you know.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":103,"html":104,"type":86},"b6","\u003Cp>Harmonises four ways, and the \u003Ccode>d\u003C\u002Fcode> becomes \u003Ccode>t\u003C\u002Fcode> after a voiceless consonant (\u003Ccode>p, ç, t, k, s, ş, h, f\u003C\u002Fcode>):\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":106,"head":107,"rows":111,"type":132},"b7",[108,109,110],"Verb","Past","",[112,116,120,124,128],[113,114,115],"gelmek (to come)","\u003Cstrong>geldi\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he came",[117,118,119],"almak (to take)","\u003Cstrong>aldı\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he took",[121,122,123],"görmek (to see)","\u003Cstrong>gördü\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he saw",[125,126,127],"gitmek (to go)","\u003Cstrong>gitti\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he went",[129,130,131],"çalışmak (to work)","\u003Cstrong>çalıştı\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he worked","table",{"id":134,"html":135,"type":86},"b8","\u003Cp>Personal endings: \u003Ccode>-m, -n, —, -k, -niz, -ler\u003C\u002Fcode>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":137,"html":138,"type":90},"b9","\u003Cp>Geldi\u003Cstrong>m\u003C\u002Fstrong>. (I came) · Geldi\u003Cstrong>n\u003C\u002Fstrong>. (You came) · Geldi\u003Cstrong>k\u003C\u002Fstrong>. (We came)\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"id":140,"html":141,"text":142,"type":98,"level":31},"b10","\u003Ccode>-mış\u003C\u002Fcode> — you were not there","-mış — you were not there",{"id":144,"html":145,"type":86},"b11","\u003Cp>The reported or inferred past. Someone told you, you worked it out from evidence, or you are relaying a story.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":147,"head":148,"rows":149,"type":132},"b12",[108,109,110],[150,154,158,162],[151,152,153],"gelmek","\u003Cstrong>gelmiş\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he came, apparently",[155,156,157],"almak","\u003Cstrong>almış\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he took, apparently",[159,160,161],"görmek","\u003Cstrong>görmüş\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he saw, apparently",[163,164,165],"gitmek","\u003Cstrong>gitmiş\u003C\u002Fstrong>","he went, apparently",{"id":167,"html":168,"type":86},"b13","\u003Cp>Three situations, one ending:\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":170,"html":171,"type":86},"b14","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>1. Hearsay.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Someone told you.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":173,"html":174,"type":90},"b15","\u003Cp>Ayşe evlen\u003Cstrong>miş\u003C\u002Fstrong>. — Ayşe got married (I heard).\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"id":176,"html":177,"type":86},"b16","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>2. Inference.\u003C\u002Fstrong> The evidence is in front of you.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":179,"html":180,"type":90},"b17","\u003Cp>Yağmur yağ\u003Cstrong>mış\u003C\u002Fstrong>. — It rained. (The street is wet. I did not see it rain.)\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"id":182,"html":183,"type":86},"b18","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>3. Narrative.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Fairy tales, jokes, anything not vouched for.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":185,"html":186,"type":90},"b19","\u003Cp>Bir varmış, bir yokmuş… — Once upon a time…\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"id":188,"html":189,"type":86},"b20","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>4. Realising something about yourself.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":191,"html":192,"type":90},"b21","\u003Cp>Çok yorul\u003Cstrong>muş\u003C\u002Fstrong>um. — I'm exhausted, it turns out. (I only just noticed.)\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"id":194,"html":195,"type":86},"b22","\u003Cp>That last one is not a mistake. Using \u003Ccode>-mış\u003C\u002Fcode> about yourself says you were not conscious of it at the time.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":197,"html":198,"text":198,"type":98,"level":31},"b23","Why the choice is not optional",{"id":200,"html":201,"type":86},"b24","\u003Cp>Say you did not witness something and use \u003Ccode>-dı\u003C\u002Fcode>, and you are claiming you saw it. Say you did witness it and use \u003Ccode>-mış\u003C\u002Fcode>, and you sound like you are distancing yourself from your own story.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":203,"html":204,"type":90},"b25","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Dün Ankara'ya gittim.\u003C\u002Fstrong> — I went to Ankara yesterday. ✓\n\u003Cstrong>Dün Ankara'ya gitmişim.\u003C\u002Fstrong> — Apparently I went to Ankara yesterday?! (You have amnesia, or you are joking.)\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"id":206,"html":207,"text":207,"type":98,"level":31},"b26","Side by side",{"id":209,"head":210,"rows":214,"type":132},"b27",[211,212,213],"Situation","Which","Sentence",[215,219,223,226,229,232],[216,217,218],"You watched the match","-dı","Beşiktaş kazan\u003Cstrong>dı\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",[220,221,222],"You read the result this morning","-mış","Beşiktaş kazan\u003Cstrong>mış\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",[224,217,225],"You broke the glass","Bardağı kır\u003Cstrong>dım\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",[227,221,228],"You find the broken glass","Bardak kırıl\u003Cstrong>mış\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",[230,217,231],"Telling your own day","Sabah erken kalk\u003Cstrong>tım\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",[233,221,234],"Telling a folk story","Adam ormana git\u003Cstrong>miş\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"id":236,"html":237,"text":237,"type":98,"level":31},"b28","The A2 mistake to avoid",{"id":239,"html":240,"type":86},"b29","\u003Cp>Do not reach for \u003Ccode>-mış\u003C\u002Fcode> because something feels distant in time. Ten years ago, if you were there, it is \u003Ccode>-dı\u003C\u002Fcode>:\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":242,"html":243,"type":90},"b30","\u003Cp>On yıl önce İstanbul'da yaşa\u003Cstrong>dım\u003C\u002Fstrong>. — I lived in Istanbul ten years ago. (I was there. Obviously.)\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"id":245,"html":246,"type":86},"b31","\u003Cp>Time is carried by the tense; evidence is carried by the choice between them.\u003C\u002Fp>","\nEnglish has one simple past. Turkish has two, and they do not differ in *when*. They differ in **how you know**.\n\n> Ali **geldi**. → Ali came. (I saw it.)\n> Ali **gelmiş**. → Ali came, apparently. (Someone told me; I inferred it.)\n\nThis is called evidentiality, and Turkish marks it on the verb whether you want to or not. There is no neutral option.\n\n## `-dı` — you were there\n\nThe witnessed past. You saw it, you did it, you know.\n\nHarmonises four ways, and the `d` becomes `t` after a voiceless consonant (`p, ç, t, k, s, ş, h, f`):\n\n| Verb | Past | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| gelmek (to come) | **geldi** | he came |\n| almak (to take) | **aldı** | he took |\n| görmek (to see) | **gördü** | he saw |\n| gitmek (to go) | **gitti** | he went |\n| çalışmak (to work) | **çalıştı** | he worked |\n\nPersonal endings: `-m, -n, —, -k, -niz, -ler`\n\n> Geldi**m**. (I came) · Geldi**n**. (You came) · Geldi**k**. (We came)\n\n## `-mış` — you were not there\n\nThe reported or inferred past. Someone told you, you worked it out from evidence, or you are relaying a story.\n\n| Verb | Past | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| gelmek | **gelmiş** | he came, apparently |\n| almak | **almış** | he took, apparently |\n| görmek | **görmüş** | he saw, apparently |\n| gitmek | **gitmiş** | he went, apparently |\n\nThree situations, one ending:\n\n**1. Hearsay.** Someone told you.\n> Ayşe evlen**miş**. — Ayşe got married (I heard).\n\n**2. Inference.** The evidence is in front of you.\n> Yağmur yağ**mış**. — It rained. (The street is wet. I did not see it rain.)\n\n**3. Narrative.** Fairy tales, jokes, anything not vouched for.\n> Bir varmış, bir yokmuş… — Once upon a time…\n\n**4. Realising something about yourself.**\n> Çok yorul**muş**um. — I'm exhausted, it turns out. (I only just noticed.)\n\nThat last one is not a mistake. Using `-mış` about yourself says you were not conscious of it at the time.\n\n## Why the choice is not optional\n\nSay you did not witness something and use `-dı`, and you are claiming you saw it. Say you did witness it and use `-mış`, and you sound like you are distancing yourself from your own story.\n\n> **Dün Ankara'ya gittim.** — I went to Ankara yesterday. ✓\n> **Dün Ankara'ya gitmişim.** — Apparently I went to Ankara yesterday?! (You have amnesia, or you are joking.)\n\n## Side by side\n\n| Situation | Which | Sentence |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| You watched the match | -dı | Beşiktaş kazan**dı**. |\n| You read the result this morning | -mış | Beşiktaş kazan**mış**. |\n| You broke the glass | -dı | Bardağı kır**dım**. |\n| You find the broken glass | -mış | Bardak kırıl**mış**. |\n| Telling your own day | -dı | Sabah erken kalk**tım**. |\n| Telling a folk story | -mış | Adam ormana git**miş**. |\n\n## The A2 mistake to avoid\n\nDo not reach for `-mış` because something feels distant in time. Ten years ago, if you were there, it is `-dı`:\n\n> On yıl önce İstanbul'da yaşa**dım**. — I lived in Istanbul ten years ago. (I was there. Obviously.)\n\nTime is carried by the tense; evidence is carried by the choice between them.\n",{"title":249,"canonical":250,"description":251},"Turkish A2: -dı vs -mış — the past you saw and the past you heard abou","https:\u002F\u002Fbestpractic.org\u002Fblog\u002Fturkish-a2-di-vs-mis-past","Turkish has two past tenses, and the choice is not about time. One says you witnessed it; the other says you did not. Getting this wrong makes you sound like you are inventing thin","019ff280-9fc1-779b-b125-a2c60aa2d301",{"id":254,"locked":18},"019ff280-9fea-73a9-928a-2701ab0d90da",[256],{"id":33,"slug":34,"title":36,"_count":257},{"questions":39},[259],{"locale":13,"slug":34},{"id":33,"slug":34,"title":36,"_count":261,"questionCount":39},{"questions":39}]